Only Muslims Can Be “Terrorists”

by Guest Contributor Jesse Singal, originally published at Pushback.org

Over the weekend a disturbing story ran in the Dayton Daily News:

Baboucarr Njie was preparing for his prayer session Friday night, Sept. 26, when he heard children in the Islamic Society of Greater Dayton coughing. Soon, Njie himself was overcome with fits of coughing and, like the rest of those in the building, headed for the doors.

“I would stay outside for a minute, then go back in, there were a lot of kids,” Njie said. “My throat is still itchy, I need to get some milk.”

Njie was one of several affected when a suspected chemical irritant was sprayed into the mosque at 26 Josie St., bringing Dayton police, fire and hazardous material personnel to the building at 9:48 p.m.

Someone “sprayed an irritant into the mosque,” Dayton fire District Chief Vince Wiley said, noting that fire investigators believe it was a hand-held spray can.

According to fire dispatch communications, a child reported seeing two men with a white can spraying something into a window. That child was brought to the supervising firefighter at the scene.

There’s one word that’s conspicuously absent from this account: “terrorist.” If spraying a chemical irritant into a room full of civilians isn’t a terrorist act, then what is?

Now, “terrorist” is a word that’s often been abused and misused since 9/11, and which has always had a long list of thorny questions tacked to it. There’s an argument to be made that it should be retired altogether in favor of more precise terminology. But if we’re going to use it–and it seems unlikely that it will disappear from the scene anytime soon–shouldn’t we at least be consistent? Can any fairminded observer deny that if there had been even the whiff of a rumor that Muslims intended to spray a chemical irritant into a Dayton church, it would have been considered a “terrorist threat” and every single account of the threat would have had the T-word plastered all over it?

It seems we’re only comfortable referring to certain people as terrorists, and that whether we use this designation depends largely on the ethnicity or religion of the suspected perpetrator.

Feministe ran a classic post on this subject in 2007 pointing out that the T-word is almost never attached to “pro-life” abortion clinic bombers or would-be bombers. The same thing seems to be happening here–because the suspects in this case are likely non-Muslim, the terrorist card is off the table.

Numerous times since 9/11, Muslims or non-whites have been arrested on trumped-up charges in highly publicized cases that rarely resulted in substantive convictions. In these and other instances, the word “terrorist” was thrown around again and again, even in cases in which it later became clear the individuals or groups in question were unlikely to ever harm anybody. Yet the media tend to be exceedingly parsimonious in their usage of the T-word when a case arises in which the alleged perpetrator isn’t Muslim. This certainly raises some questions about how the threat of terrorism is portrayed.

I emailed Kyle Nagel, the author of the Daily News story, to ask about his paper’s policies on the term “terrorist” and why it wasn’t used in this case. As I write this he hasn’t yet responded, but if he does I will certainly add an update.

Jesse Singal is an associate editor of campusprogress.org and pushback.org.

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Trackbacks & Pings

  1. Follow-Ups « The Radical Notion on 04 Oct 2008 at 1:50 pm

    [...] at The Curvature explains why this is a crock of shit, and Jesse at Racialicious examines the mainstream media’s reluctance to use the word ‘terrorist’, even when it is apt and correct, except in very specific [...]

Comments

  1. atlasien wrote:

    You know what else is infuriating? The fact that the gunman who murdered two people at the UU church in Knoxville this July WAS NOT LISTED AS A TERRORIST. Some left-wing political sites were listing him, correctly, as a terrorist motivated by right-wing ideology, but I never saw the mainstream media using that word.

    Here’s another very recent example of terrorists who happen to be white. But wait, they’re not.

    Here’s the “academic consensus” definition of terrorist from Wikipedia:

    “Terrorism is an anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-) clandestine individual, group or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal or political reasons, whereby – in contrast to assassination – the direct targets of violence are not the main targets. The immediate human victims of violence are generally chosen randomly (targets of opportunity) or selectively (representative or symbolic targets) from a target population, and serve as message generators. Threat- and violence-based communication processes between terrorist (organization), (imperilled) victims, and main targets are used to manipulate the main target (audience(s)), turning it into a target of terror, a target of demands, or a target of attention, depending on whether intimidation, coercion, or propaganda is primarily sought” (Schmid, 1988).

    Personally, I like that broad definition, especially because it also includes terrorism by states.

  2. Jus Plain Ol Me wrote:

    This reminds me of the use of the word refugee connected to Hurricane Katrina.

    Also, as someone born and raised in Dayton (and currently living about 90 minutes away from Dayton) the local coverage of this story (as well as the police department’s response) does not shock me.

    The differences between the multi-cultural people in the city (which, as of the last census, was 45% black – a number that has probably gone up) and those in the surrounding (and very close in proximity) suburban and rural areas (which have almost no black people) are like night and day. It is a very segregated city. Keep in mind that it isn’t far from Cincinnati which has it’s own similar issues involving race.

    I don’t know much about the mosque at issue, but my fraternity brother (who was born and raised in Dayton as well) is Muslim. I’ll have to ask him his opinion about this.

  3. Jess wrote:

    The refusal to use the word terrorist about so-called pro-life groups dates back tot he 80s. At the time, the FBI refused to classify them as such.

    The same was true of many white supremacist groups.

    The debate has changed a bit since then, with the rise of Islamic terrorism into the national consciousness.

    But part of the problem is the official definition is so politicized. It depends who is directing the FBI and who the AG at the state or local level is.

    Kudos for calling the author of the story, by the way. Too often people criticize the reporters and writers without ever asking them directly why they did what they did.

  4. Tariq Nelson wrote:

    Lately, the media is pretty careful about throwing around the term ‘terrorist’ with anyone – not just Muslims.

    In some incidents involving Muslim perpetrators, the police and media go out of their way to say that it is NOT terrorism and/or not even mention the term at all.

    Honestly, I don’t see what the media (or police) is supposed to do in absence of evidence that this was a “terror attack”. For all we know it could have been a young prankster.

  5. Tariq Nelson wrote:

    The fact that the gunman who murdered two people at the UU church in Knoxville this July WAS NOT LISTED AS A TERRORIST.

    This actually bolsters what I was saying above and this not only happened in a church, but was a WORSE case than what happened in the mosque.

  6. jen* wrote:

    Well, see, we can’t be having any terrorist occasions, cuz Papa W saved us from the terrorists after 9/11. Not on his watch.

    All these other occurrences have to be attributed to something else.
    (http://shakespearessister.blogspot.com/2008/09/still-no-terrorism-since-911.html)

  7. Lisa J wrote:

    Oh and don’t get me started about the longest running, and most virulent terrorist organization that ever existed in the country the Ku Klux Klan, which I’ve never heard the MSM call terrorists, but who have been literally terrorizing a slew of minorities since their creation during Reconstruction. Such hypocrisy.

  8. Tablesaw wrote:

    The Dayton Daily news has removed the article linked to in this post. The link now redirects to a story from Monday, “Police: No evidence of hate crime at local mosque.” The original article does not appear to be located on the server any longer.

  9. tybris wrote:

    I am also infuriated at how scare tactics used by the right wing havent be called terrorist tactics. Where I am from (Texas) if you are unhappy about a very conservative bill or law being pushed by the right wing and complain you can be damn sure you will get angry calls, hate mail and possible death threats or a rock thrown through your window. We need to start calling these people what they are, Terrorists.

  10. William wrote:

    There is a lot of ugly anti-Jewish rhetoric circulating on some of the blogs and emails surrounding this incident. There needs to be some calm here.

    http://muslimmatters.org/2008/09/29/in-the-wake-of-%e2%80%9cobsession%e2%80%9d-hate-dvds-muslim-children-gassed-in-ohio-mosque/

    Mod Note – “The blogs” are not Racialicious, and the only people bringing up the Jews on this thread are the people complaining about something happening elsewhere. I don’t control elsewhere, and I do control here, and people here have a *right* to be angry: angry that this wasn’t given coverage on anything but a local level and angry that once again, marginalized communities come up short when it is time to shed some light on what has happened that makes us feel unsafe in America. If you want to complain about how Muslim Matters is handling the incident, I suggest you take your comment to that blog. – LDP

  11. thesciencegirl wrote:

    Not only is this not being described at terrorism, but police see “no evidence of a hate crime” (wha?!), and are quoted as saying in the article that Tablesaw mentions that they are investigating whether a crime has even occurred.

    This is the kind of thing that makes me ashamed of my country. Seriously.

  12. thesciencegirl wrote:

    Here’s the article:

    http://www.daytondailynews.com/n/content/oh/story/news/local/2008/09/27/ddn092608evacweb.html?cxtype=rss&cxsvc=7&cxcat=16

  13. Phrone wrote:

    That article is infuriating. It says there was no hate crime, but it doesn’t say why something that would appear so much like a hate crime — an attack upon a specific devalued group of individuals within a context specific to identification in that group — is not one. (And this has probably been said, but if someone did that to a white, centrist/right-leaning church, people would be up in arms.)

  14. Fatemeh wrote:

    I think this article brings up some great points, and I agree with atlasien’s definition. Even if this was some “young prankster” (which I doubt), the end result is the same: a community of people is terrorized, harmed, and afraid in their own locality.

    I sincerely believe that if a Muslim individual or group had perpetrated a similar act, it would be labeled as terrorist, if even they were “young pranksters.” So why shouldn’t it work the same way for the people who did this?

  15. Ken Arromdee wrote:

    I sincerely believe that if a Muslim individual or group had perpetrated a similar act, it would be labeled as terrorist, if even they were “young pranksters.”

    I sincerely believe exactly the opposite. The media utterly refuses to call such activities perpetrated by Muslims terrorism.

  16. gatamala wrote:

    Yes, this would be considered a terrorist attack by MSM definitions.

  17. NancyP wrote:

    The Dayton mosque incident has to be classified either as a hate crime or terrorism. (Also, as the act of a low-down cowardly scum who ought to be fearing the sort of treatment given by prisoners to fellow prisoners in for child molestation.) I would be inclined, in this climate, and given the wide dissemination of panic-inducing anti-Muslim DVDs free in local newspapers, to classify it as terrorism. But I do think that there is a continuum between hate crime and terrorism that makes it hard to get the public to adhere to agreed-upon definitions.

    What’s the difference between a hate crime and a terrorist? Is terrorism the **conscious** use of violence against a group for **conscious** political ends, usually with an eye to maximum media coverage. Is hate crime the expression of personal rage against a group, but without a **conscious** political and media dissemination plan? In other words, does terrorism involve planning, and is hate crime committed on impulse for personal satisfaction or thrills? If a perp who killed a random gay guy riding the city bus or coming out of a bar, brags about it to a friend, does that change the crime from hate crime to terrorism?

    Some might say that terrorism is a hate crime that aims to kill several (or hundreds of) people present at a particular site, is successful in killing or maiming, and manages to be publicized. That would eliminate the ultimately ridiculous doctors’ plot in the UK – the one where when everything went wrong, one or more perps tried to drive his “explosive-laden” car into the airport terminal, the perp got burned severely, the car didn’t explode, and maybe a cop or passerby got a few bruises wrestling the perps to the ground. Well, obviously these perps were terrorists – incompetent terrorists, but terrorists all the same.

    One thing that pisses me off is the failure of nearly everybody to see that stranger rape is in effect a hate crime/act of terrorism against women – BECAUSE women aren’t considered to be a political/social group in most people’s eyes, but are considered as individuals whose interests are tied to that of her family or man. It just seems natural to most people that women must be protected by men from other men, or must limit their effective available space to that clearly marked as “safe” (home, daytime outside home and only in certain locations), on pain of being regarded as not worth protecting. (”what did she expect – she went downtown at 11PM, without an escort, to see a movie, and stayed at a bar until closing time”)

    Lisa J, I think that the KKK has had its time and is now a toothless organization of old guys who enjoy power fantasies, fancy dress, and fancy titles. At least the specimens presented at midwest KKK rallies are older and look like wannabes. The intent is terrorist. The danger from the KKK seems to be less than that of the more loosely organized neoNazi , white supremacy, or anti-abortion/anti-gay-focused groups, which seem to facilitate / support “lone” volunteer terrorists from their group or known from some other group or as a long time small time shit-stirrer.

  18. Kay wrote:

    “The media utterly refuses to call such activities perpetrated by Muslims terrorism.”

    Examples?

  19. rumble wrote:

    I’m a Muslim woman that has lived and has family only an hour or two from Dayton. In the Shakesville post already linked to above, I complained about the use of the term “terrorism” to describe the attack. Here is what I wrote:

    I would argue that this wasn’t an act of terrorism. It was just a plain old hate crime…

    I go by Brian Jenkin’s definition of terrorism: “What sets terrorism apart from other violence is this: terrorism consists of acts carried out in a dramatic way to attract publicity and create an atmosphere of alarm that goes far beyond the actual victims. Indeed, the identity of the victims is often secondary or irrelevant to the terrorists who aim their violence at the people watching. This distinction between actual victims and a target audience is the hallmark of terrorism and separates it from other modes of armed conflict. Terrorism is theater.”

    On the other hand, any intimidation/violence motivated by the victims membership to a group is considered a hate crime. It is much, much broader.

    I really doubt that these two assholes with pepper spray were thinking in very grand terms. They appear to have no cause they are trying to gain publicity for, they seem to have no greater audience they are attempting to intimidate. Even if you suppose that they were trying to intimidate the entire Muslim American community, they didn’t have an ‘ask.’ They’re not trying to coerce us into give them anything substantial. What could they possible be asking us to do? Leave? Be quiet? Stop practicing our religion? Stop being brown? Stop existing? Those aren’t a terrorist’s demands. Those are a bigot’s…

    Contrary to popular belief, most people who classified as terrorists have very specific and concrete political goals. Osama bin Laden, for example, didn’t originally set out to have some clash of civilizations-style world war against the West. He wanted U.S. troops out of Saudi Arabia.

  20. Jamerican Muslimah wrote:

    @Fatemeh, you took the words out of my mouth!

  21. Ken Arromdee wrote:

    Examples?

    h t t p ://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/08/national/08carolina.html?_r=1&oref=slogin

    h t t p ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Toronto_terrorism_case

    h t t p ://www.snopes.com/rumors/reuters.asp

    h t t p ://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2005/dec/16/terrorism.broadcasting

    You’ll have to change the h t t p to remove the spaces yourself since the system here doesn’t seem to let me post most URLs.

  22. Fatemeh wrote:

    I think Kay gets it just right.

  23. Reena wrote:

    Ummmm. . . . .

    What race was Timothy McVey?

    He was also reportedly a Christian wasn’t he?

    Didn’t he also serve in the US military?

    Yet, still– a terrorist— No?

  24. Rchoudh wrote:

    McVeigh was a white American Christian. Reports claimed he was part of some homegrown militia and he did serve in the US military. I clearly remember how the media led everyone on a wild goose chase looking for a brown Middle Eastern man to accuse for the bombings.

  25. Ken Arromdee wrote:

    It works both ways. The media led everyone on a wild goose chase by claiming the Beltway Sniper was a white man (though that might have originally been said by the police; I don’t remember). It turned out to be two black men who were also members of the Nation of Islam.

  26. Latoya Peterson wrote:

    @Ken –

    Actually, that is incorrect. Only John Allen Muhammad was affiliated formally with the Nation of Islam (and, for the record, he was named a terrorist in the Virginia court proceedings.) Obviously, there was no connection between his actions and the NOI, particularly due to the mostly random selection of the victims. Malvo was not affiliated in any way. Malvo was also a juvenile.

    The reason that much of the Beltway Sniper media focused on the archetype of a disgruntled white male is due to practices in forensic profiling, not anti-white bias. Due to the information available to law enforcement, and a review of history of these kinds of crimes, the profile would point to a white male.

    [Aside: Readers, I do not suggest googling black serial killers as the majority of the sites you will turn up are white supremacist sites.]

    This information is based on a few different factors, but one major premise: that serial killers tend to kill in group (or, more broadly, that their crimes follow a pattern, e.g. the murders of prostitutes or the elderly.) The assumption that serial killers tend to kill in group has been borne out by history.

    HOWEVER,

    During a research project I did while studying forensics (yeah y’all, I was about to be the next Scarpetta) I noticed a couple things that were fairly interesting:

    1. The in group theory doesn’t always add up. We saw this in the case of the Beltway Sniper, but most notably in the case of Jeffrey Dahmer.

    2. PoC murders are less likely to be reported, less likely to be taken seriously, and less likely to make the national news – making it harder to identify patterns when PoCs are targeted by serial killers (either in or out of group). They are also less likely to be termed serial anything (rapist or murderer), especially if the crimes crossed state lines. One could even posit that racism, homophobia, and/or xenophobia played a factor in Dahmer getting away with murder for so long – one victim actually escaped (Konerak Sinthasomphone), but was returned to Dahmer by the police. After that, four more boys were murdered before the next target escaped and informed police.

    Hmm…it would probably be interesting to ask a forensic expert about bias in the field. *making a note for Addicted to Race*

  27. Rchoudh wrote:

    @ Latoya

    That’s quite interesting; thanks for sharing!

  28. lxy wrote:

    Islamophobia has become an idelogy that the USA and Europe have adopted as a demonology to replace the Cold War “enemy image” of Communism.

    This Western ideology of hatred serves important political agendas in self-styled Western liberal democracies like North America and Europe.

    Namely, like Cold War anti-Communism, Islamophobia serves as a nationalist ideology to mobilize Westerners against a foreign enemy–and deflect anger from their own ruling classes and regimes.

    This is nothing new. The West has frequently resorted to this type of racist politics dating back to the 1930s and the rise of European fascism.

    If George Orwell were alive today, he might be writing about Osama bin Goldstein instead of Emmanuel Goldstein.

    Mod Note
    – Link added for clarity. – LDP

  29. Lisa Harney wrote:

    I was digging up the hate crime laws in Ohio, and:

    It falls directly under Ohio’s hate crime law. At the very least, it should qualify as “menacing” or “aggravated menacing”, both of which are explicitly covered under Ohio’s ethnic intimidation law.

    It also should fall under “Criminal Damaging or Endangering” which includes “poison gas.” (2909.6) Also, “Criminal Mischief”, 2909.7. which states:

    (A) No person shall:

    (1) Without privilege to do so, knowingly move, deface, damage, destroy, or otherwise improperly tamper with the property of another;

    (2) With purpose to interfere with the use or enjoyment of property of another, employ a tear gas device, stink bomb, smoke generator, or other device releasing a substance that is harmful or offensive to persons exposed or that tends to cause public alarm;

    However, I don’t think this also disqualifies it as a terrorist act.

  30. Ken Arromdee wrote:

    Obviously, there was no connection between his actions and the NOI,

    From the Wikipedia article on the Beltway Sniper:

    A series of trial exhibits indicated that Malvo and Muhammed were motivated by an affinity for Islamic Jihad.[9]

    “Exhibit 65-006: A self-portrait of Malvo in the cross hairs of a gun scope shouting, ‘ALLAH AKBAR!’ The word ‘SALAAM’ scrawled vertically. A lyric from Bob Marley’s Natural Mystic ‘Many more will have to suffer. Many more will have to die. Don’t ask me why.’

    “Exhibit 65-103: A lion accompanies chapter and verse from the Koran (’Sura 2:190′): ‘Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you and slay them wherever ye catch them.’

    “Exhibit 65-109: Portrait of Osama bin Laden, captioned ‘Servant of Allah.’

    “Exhibit 65-117: The White House drawn in crosshairs, surrounded by missiles, with a warning: ‘Sep. 11 we will ensure will look like a picnic to you’ and ‘you will bleed to death little by little.’ . . .

    I wouldn’t blame this on either the NOI or mainstream Islam, but there was some connection in his own mind.

    And in the Dahmer case, I was under the impression that although the police didn’t like gays much, this particular problem wasn’t homophobia, but the fear of being accused of homophobia–they were afraid that if they investigated Dahmer and didn’t find anything, or if they kept one of his lovers away from him, it would be seen as a witchhunt against gays.

  31. Latoya Peterson wrote:

    @Ken -

    1. The connection in his own mind is fairly irrelevant. Some guy thought shooting Ronald Reagan would impress Jodie Foster – that had nothing to do with her. Ditto with the NOI and Muhammed.

    2. In the Dahmer case that is fairly doubtful, particularly as Sinthasomphone was asking to leave. At the very least, the officers could have treated this as a domestic dispute call and separated the two until Sinthasomphone sobered up or was ready to make decisions on his own. But, they choose not to. And it still begs the question of why Dahmer was given the benefit of the doubt and not Sinthasomphone.

    Edited: See the entry for John Balcerzak to see more on why Dahmer should not have been the one to receive the benefit of the doubt.

  32. Ken Arromdee wrote:

    The connection in his own mind is fairly irrelevant.

    But you could say the same thing about any person who does bad things in the name of just about anything short of the Nazi Party. Should religious fanatics never be described as such?

    And it still begs the question of why Dahmer was given the benefit of the doubt and not Sinthasomphone.

    Believing Dahmer and being wrong would probably (without the benefit of hindsight) have no consequence that Balcerzak cared about. Nobody’s going to protest “police officer allows gay kid to have underage sex”. Believing Sinthasomphone and being wrong would lead to complaints “you listened to the one which fit your prejudices of gays being abusive and pedophilic! And then you broke the lovers up with your police power, at the barrel of a gun! This action intimidates gay people everywhere! Balcerzak must be fired!”

    He acted as though it was a lovers’ quarrel, because without hindsight that was the safest thing to do. Yes, he was homophobic anyway, but that doesn’t mean he’d want to get in trouble for it.

  33. Latoya Peterson wrote:

    @Ken –

    Your mental acrobatics to justify all of this is astounding.

    1. Being a person who *lives* in the area targeted by the sniper, had my childhood stomping grounds targeted, and followed the case closely, your mention of NOI is fairly irrelevant. They used a lot of different things to justify their murders, including tarot cards. Those fuckers were sick, and while people tried to pin their motives on a whole bunch of different things, it just came down to one really disturbed guy and the kid he picked up and indoctrinated.

    2. The safest thing to do would have been to do a simple check of Dahmer’s ID. Not follow him to the house and chill for a while, but run someone’s ID. If he had run either ID, the officers would have found that (1) Sinthasomphone was underage or (2) Dahmer was flagged as a sex offender. Either one would have given them enough cover to proceed with separating the two and perhaps taking one into custody.

    This is why the original expulsion was for negligence:

    Milwaukee police officers John Balcerzak and Joseph Gabrish were charged with numerous violations of Milwaukee Police Department regulations for failing to properly investigate the now-infamous Jeffrey Dahmer when they encountered him on the night of May 27, 1991 accompanied by one of his eventual victims, Konerak Sinthasomphone. Chief of Police Philip Arreola (the “Chief”) discharged Balcerzak and Gabrish. Under Wis. Stat. sec.62.50(13), Balcerzak and Gabrish sought review of the discharge to the Milwaukee Board of Fire and Police Commissioners (the “Board”). Gabrish and Balcerzak pled guilty to one violation of Rule 4, sec.2 of the Milwaukee Police Department Rules and Regulations for failing to familiarize themselves with police department responsibilities, apparently expecting to have their sanction reduced from discharge to suspension. Their expectations were confounded. The Chief sought to uphold his decision to discharge and presented to the Board the 15 or 16 different ways Balcerzak and Gabrish had violated Rule 4, sec.2 in the officers’ failure to investigate. The Board upheld the Chief’s decision to discharge.

    The officers appealed, and were reinstated, but they admitted they fucked up and did not follow procedure. (Interestingly, the officers involved tried to allege racial bias as a reason for their dismissal.)

  34. RChoudh wrote:

    It’s interesting that Bill Ayers is being referred to as a terrorist right now. I guess its definition can indeed be expanded to include anyone, including whites (correct me if I’m wrong but Ayers seems to be white).

  35. Sobia wrote:

    I have a feeling Ayers is being referred to as a terrorist more to smear Obama. They couldn’t link him to Muslim terrorists (though they tried with all their might (sp?)) so now they’re trying this tactic.

    They’re going to exploit and use people’s racism no matter what the facts may be.

    McCain and Palin are just disgusting people catering to the lowest denominators of human beings. I really don’t know how they sleep at night.

  36. RChoudh wrote:

    @ Sobia

    Yeah did you see how they tried to claim Obama almost supposedly accepted contributions from so-called Palestinian “terrrorists”? Just because these Muslim brothers from Gaza wanted to donate money they were immediately labeled as Hamas terrorists working to support Obama because after all terrorists all over would jump for joy if Obama won.

  37. Ken Arromdee wrote:

    If he had run either ID, the officers would have found that (1) Sinthasomphone was underage or (2) Dahmer was flagged as a sex offender.

    Your point? Obviously he wanted to leave them alone, so he didn’t conduct any checks that would force himself to intervene. I’m just pointing out why he might want to avoid intervening; arresting gay people could be seen as persecution. This includes arresting them for underage sex.